Adjective

What Is an Adjective?

The simplest definition of an adjective is that it is a word that describes or clarifies a noun. Adjectives describe nouns by giving some information about an object’s size, shape, age, color, origin or material.

• It’s a big table. (size)
• It’s a round table. (shape)
• It’s an old table. (age)
• It’s a brown table. (color)
• It’s an English table. (origin)
• It’s a wooden table. (material)
• It’s a lovely table. (opinion)
• It’s a broken table. (observation)
• It’s a coffee table. (purpose)

When an item is defined by its purpose, that word is usually not an adjective, but it acts as one in that situation.

• coffee table
• pool hall
• hunting cabin
• baseball player

What Do Adjectives Look Like?

English grammar can be tricky, there are often exceptions to the rules, so you need to be careful. You'll find that English adjectives often end with these suffixes:

• -able/-ible – adorable, invisible, responsible, uncomfortable
• -al – educational, gradual, illegal, nocturnal, viral
• -an – American, Mexican, urban
• -ar – cellular, popular, spectacular, vulgar
• -ent – intelligent, potent, silent, violent
• -ful – harmful, powerful, tasteful, thoughtful
• -ic/-ical – athletic, energetic, magical, scientific
• -ine – bovine, canine, equine, feminine, masculine
• -ile – agile, docile, fertile, virile
• -ive – informative, native, talkative
• -less – careless, endless, homeless, timeless
• -ous – cautious, dangerous, enormous, malodorous
• -some – awesome, handsome, lonesome, wholesome

Many adjectives also end with -y, -ary, -ate, -ed, and -ing. However, nouns and adverbs can end with -y, lots of nouns end with -ary, nouns and verbs also end with -ate, and verbs also end in -ed and -ing. Remember we said you need to be careful! To work out if a word is an adjective or not, look at it's location in the sentence.

Where Do Adjectives Go in a Sentence?

If you come across a word that ends in -y, -ary or -ate (or any other suffix for that matter), and you want to know if it’s an adjective, just look at where it is and what it’s doing in the sentence. If it comes immediately before a noun, and especially if it comes between an article (a, an, the), a possessive adjective (my, his, her, its, your, our, their), a demonstrative (this, that, these, those) or an amount (some, most, all, a few) and a noun, then it’s an adjective.

• The grassy field was wet with dew. – “Grassy” comes between an article (the) and a noun (field), so you know it’s an adjective.
• These are my old trophies. – “Old” comes between a possessive adjective (my) and a noun (trophies), making it an adjective.
• We had a few ordinary days. – “Ordinary” comes between an amount (a few) and a noun (days), so it’s definitely an adjective.
• Did you see that immaculate kitchen? – “Immaculate” comes between a demonstrative (that) and a noun (kitchen), so it must be an adjective.

Adjectives also act as complements. Complements are words that complete the predicate of a sentence when the verb is “be.”

• He is tall.
• We’ve been teachers for five years.
• You were my best friend.
• He was smart, handsome and rich.

As you can see, not all complements are adjectives. In these examples, “tall” and “smart, handsome and rich” are adjectives, but “teachers for five years” and “my best friend” are both noun phrases. If the complement is only one word, there’s a good chance it’s an adjective. Also if the complement is a list of words, those are probably also adjectives. If an article (a, an, the) or a possessive (my, his, her, its, your, our, their, mine, his, hers, its, yours, ours, theirs) is involved, it’s a noun phrase.

What’s the Correct Order for Multiple Adjectives?

When you list several adjectives in a row, there’s a specific order they need to be written or spoken in. Native speakers of English tend to put them in the correct order naturally, but if you’re learning English, you’ll have to memorize the order. It goes like this:

• Determiner – This means an article (a, an, the), a number or amount, a possessive adjective (my, his, her, its, your, our, their), or a demonstrative (this, that, these, those).
• Observation/Opinion – Beautiful, expensive, gorgeous, broken, delicious, ugly
• Size – Huge, tiny, 4-foot-tall
• Shape – Square, circular, oblong
• Age – 10-year-old, new, antique
• Color – Black, red, blue-green
• Origin – Roman, English, Mongolian
• Material – Silk, silver, plastic, wooden
• Qualifier – A noun or verb acting as adjective

This is the correct order for adjectives that come directly before a noun, and they are separated by commas.

• My beautiful, big, circular, antique, brown, English, wooden coffee table was broken in the move.

If the adjectives come after the verb “be” as the complement, then the qualifier (the defining word) will stay with the noun at the beginning of the sentence. The adjectives in the complement are separated by commas with the final two being separated by “and.”

• My coffee table is beautiful, big, circular, antique, brown, English and wooden.